第一部分：核心词汇与句型 (Vocabulary & Sentence Structures)
要写好饼图，你需要掌握三类词汇和句型：描述占比、进行比较和使用“近似”表达。
1. 描述占比的核心动词 (Verbs for Describing Proportions)
这类动词用来连接“某个类别”和它所占的“百分比”。
- account for (占了…)
- 例句: In 2020, coal accounted for 40% of the total energy consumption.
- make up (组成了/构成了…)
- 例句: Students from Asia made up the largest proportion of the university’s international student body.
- constitute (构成…)
- 例句: This category constituted almost half of the total expenditure.
- comprise (包含/由…构成)
- 例句: The sales of digital books comprised 35% of the market share.
- represent (代表/相当于…)
- 例句: The proportion of spending on food represented a quarter of the household budget.
- be responsible for (是…的原因/贡献了…)
- 例句: The industrial sector was responsible for the majority of water usage.
- take up (占据…)
- 例句: Renewable energy sources took up a mere 5% of the total.
- occupy (占据…，尤指空间或份额)
- 例句: In the company’s workforce, administrative roles occupied 15%.
- consist of (由…组成) - 注意：这个词组后面常跟名词，而不是直接跟百分比
- 例句: The budget consisted of three main parts, with housing being the largest at 50%.
- be recorded at (被记录在…)
- 例句: The figure for leisure spending was recorded at 22%.
2. 描述占比的名词和名词短语 (Nouns & Noun Phrases)
用名词来表达可以使句子结构更多样化。
- the proportion of (…的比例)
- 例句: The proportion of people driving to work was 60%.
- the percentage of (…的百分比)
- 例句: The percentage of graduates who were unemployed stood at 8%.
- the share of (…的份额)
- 例句: Cars had the largest share of the transportation market.
- a high/low percentage (一个高/低的百分比)
- 例句: A low percentage of the budget was allocated to culture and arts.
- a significant portion (一个重要的部分)
- 例句: A significant portion of the electricity was generated from natural gas.
- the majority of (大部分) - 通常指超过 50%
- 例句: The vast majority of residents (85%) expressed satisfaction with the new park.
- the minority of (小部分)
- 例句: A small minority of respondents (4%) preferred the old system.
- a fraction of (一小部分)
- 例句: Only a tiny fraction of the revenue came from merchandise sales.
- a segment of (……的一部分)
- 例句: The largest segment of the audience was young adults aged 18-25.
- the lion’s share (最大份额) - 一个很形象的地道表达
- 例句: The smartphone division captured the lion’s share of the company’s profit.
3. 分数与量词 (Fractions & Quantifiers)
用分数和量词可以替代百分比，避免重复，展现词汇的丰富性。
| 分数/量词 |
对应的百分比 |
例句 |
| a half |
$50\%$ |
Exactly a half of the respondents were female. |
| a third |
约 $33\%$ |
Just over a third of the participants were from Europe. |
| a quarter |
$25\%$ |
The UK accounted for a quarter of the total exports. |
| three-quarters |
$75\%$ |
Three-quarters of the land was used for agriculture. |
| two-fifths |
$40\%$ |
Two-fifths of the government’s spending was on healthcare. |
| a tenth |
$10\%$ |
The budget for research and development was just a tenth of the total. |
| a mere X% |
仅仅 X% |
A mere 5% of the energy was from solar power. |
| … respectively |
… 分别是 |
The percentages for gas and coal were 30% and 25% respectively. |
| the former, the latter |
前者，后者 |
The two main reasons were price and quality; the former accounted for 60%, while the latter constituted 25%. |
| twice/three times as much/many as |
是…的两倍/三倍 |
The proportion of spending on rent was twice as much as that on food. |
4. 比较与排序 (Comparing & Ranking)
饼图作文的“概述”和“主体段”都需要比较。
- the largest / the highest proportion/percentage (最大比例)
- 例句: The largest proportion of spending was on housing.
- the smallest / the lowest proportion/percentage (最小比例)
- 例句: The chart shows that entertainment had the smallest percentage of the budget.
- followed by (其次是…)
- 例句: The most popular genre was comedy, followed by action films.
- in contrast / by contrast (相反)
- 例句: Undergraduates spent most of their money on accommodation. In contrast, postgraduates allocated the largest part of their budget to tuition fees.
- similarly / likewise (同样地)
- 例句: In both years, food was the primary expenditure. Similarly, transportation costs remained the second highest.
- more than / over (超过)
- 例句: The combined share of X and Y was more than 80%.
- less than / under (少于)
- 例句: The figure for category Z was just under 10%.
- while / whereas (然而，用于对比)
- 例句: The percentage for X was 40%, while/whereas the figure for Y was only 15%.
- the second largest/highest (第二大)
- 例句: The second largest category was transportation.
- … is X times higher than … (…比…高 X 倍)
- 例句: The proportion of Y is three times higher than that of Z.
第二部分：万能模板 (Universal Template)
这个模板的目的是给你一个清晰的结构。记住，这只是骨架，你需要用上面学到的词汇和句型来填充血肉，并且根据具体题目进行微调。
【段落一：引言 - 改写题目】
The pie chart(s) illustrate(s) the proportion of [在此处填入图表衡量的内容, e.g., different types of energy sources] in [在此处填入地点或背景, e.g., a particular country] in the year(s) [在此处填入年份].
- 备选句式:
- The provided chart(s) give(s) a breakdown of
[在此处填入衡量的内容] by percentage in [在此处填入地点和年份].
- The chart(s) compare(s) the composition of
[在此处填入衡量的内容] in [在此处填入年份1] and [在此处填入年份2].
【段落二：概述 - 总结最核心的特征】
Overall, it is immediately apparent that [在此处填入占比最大的类别] constituted the most significant proportion of the total. Conversely, [在此处填入占比最小的类别] was the least significant component. It is also noticeable that [在此处填入另一个显著特征，例如：最大的两项加起来超过一半 / 某个类别的占比远超其他所有类别].
- 注意: 概述段千万不要写具体的百分比数据！只写最明显、最宏观的趋势。
【段落三：主体段一 - 描述主要类别】
Looking at the details, [在此处填入占比最大的类别] accounted for the lion’s share, at approximately [X%]. The second largest segment was [在此处填入第二大的类别], which made up [Y%] of the total. Together, these two categories comprised [e.g., over half / more than two-thirds / a significant majority] of the whole [在此处填入被描述的整体, e.g., budget / population].
- 技巧: 将占比最大、最重要或者有共同点的 2-3 个类别放在一起写。
【段落四：主体段二 - 描述次要类别并进行对比】
In contrast, the proportions for the remaining categories were considerably smaller. [在此处填入第三大的类别] represented [Z%], while [在此处填入第四大的类别] and [在此处填入第五大的类别] constituted similar shares, at [A%] and [B%] respectively. The least significant category, [在此处填入最小的类别], was responsible for a mere [C%] of the total.
- 技巧: 将剩下的类别分组描述。如果图表之间需要比较，这一段是进行对比的好地方。例如： The figure for X in 2010 was much higher than its 2000 counterpart.